Condition Depression
Depression: how it shows up, and what to do next
Depression is more than a low mood that passes. It is a persistent dampening of interest, energy, and self-worth that lasts weeks and gets in the way of ordinary life. It is also common, treatable, and — importantly — not a personal failing.
If you are trying to work out whether what you are feeling crosses that line, the quickest honest first step is the PHQ-9 depression screening: nine questions, two minutes, scored privately on your device. It will not diagnose you, but it will tell you whether a conversation with a professional is worth having.
Take the depression test
What depression can look like
Depression looks different from person to person, but clinicians look for a cluster of these, most days, for at least two weeks:
- Little interest or pleasure in things you used to enjoy
- Persistent low, empty, or hopeless mood
- Sleeping too much or too little
- Low energy or fatigue that rest does not fix
- Changes in appetite or weight
- Trouble concentrating or making decisions
- Feeling worthless, or excessively guilty
- Thoughts that you would be better off not here
Read the full guide to depression symptoms →
Explore the types of depression →
When to seek help
- Symptoms have lasted more than two weeks and affect work, relationships, or daily function.
- You are using alcohol or other substances to cope.
- You have any thoughts of self-harm — this warrants help now, not later. Call or text 988 (Suicide & Crisis Lifeline).
Questions worth asking a clinician
- Based on my history, is this depression, or could something else explain it?
- What treatment options fit my situation — therapy, medication, or both?
- How long before I should expect to feel a difference?
- What should I do if things get worse before my next appointment?
Depression by the numbers
21M
U.S. adults with a major depressive episode in the past year
NIMH
8.3%
of U.S. adults affected each year
NIMH
2×
more commonly diagnosed in women than men
NIMH
Sources: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); World Health Organization.
Frequently asked questions
What is depression?
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a mental health condition marked by a persistent low or empty mood and a loss of interest or pleasure, present most of the day nearly every day for at least two weeks, along with changes in sleep, appetite, energy, and concentration. It is different from ordinary sadness in its depth, duration, and effect on daily life.
How do I know if I am depressed?
If a low mood or loss of interest has lasted more than two weeks and is affecting your sleep, work, or relationships, that is a signal worth acting on. A validated screening like the PHQ-9 gives you a quick, private read, but only a clinician can diagnose depression.
What causes depression?
There is no single cause. Depression usually arises from a mix of genetics, brain chemistry, stressful or traumatic life events, medical conditions, and personality factors. It is not caused by weakness or a lack of effort.
Does depression go away on its own?
Some milder episodes lift with time and support, but depression that is moderate or has lasted a while often needs treatment to resolve — and treatment shortens episodes and lowers the chance of recurrence. Waiting it out is not the only option.
How is depression treated?
The main evidence-based treatments are talking therapies (such as CBT), antidepressant medication, or a combination, alongside lifestyle support like exercise, sleep, and connection. Most people improve substantially with the right treatment; a clinician can help find the fit.